Karel Capek
Karel Capek, (b. Jan. 9, 1890, Malé Svatoňovice, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary
[now in Czech Republic]—d. Dec. 25, 1938, Prague, Czech.), Czech novelist,
short-story writer, playwright, and essayist.
The son of a country doctor, Čapek suffered
all his life from a spinal disease, and writing seemed a compensation. He
studied philosophy in Prague, Berlin, and Paris and in 1917 settled in
Prague as a writer and journalist. From 1907 until well into the 1920s, much
of his work was written with his brother Josef, a painter, who illustrated
several of Karel’s books.
Almost all Čapek’s literary works are
inquiries into philosophical ideas. The early short stories—in Zářivé
hlubiny (with Josef, 1916; “The Luminous Depths”), Krakonošova zahrada (with
Josef, 1918; “The Garden of Krakonoš”), and Trapné povídky (1921; in Money
and Other Stories, 1929)—are mainly concerned with man’s efforts to break
out of the narrow circle of destiny and grasp ultimate values. Another
series of works presents Čapek’s “black utopias,” showing how scientific
discoveries and technological progress tempt man into titanic rebellions.
Thus, in the play R.U.R.: Rossum’s Universal Robots (published 1920,
performed 1921), a scientist discovers the secret of creating humanlike
machines that are more precise and reliable than human beings. Years later
the machines dominate the human race and threaten it with extinction, though
at the last moment it is saved. For this play Čapek invented the word
“robot,” deriving it from the Czech word for forced labour.
Other works, following the pattern of
R.U.R., include the novel Továrna na absolutno (1922; The Absolute at
Large); Krakatit (1924; An Atomic Phantasy); and Válka s mloky (1936; The
War with the Newts).
In another vein, Čapek’s comic fantasy Ze
života hmyzu (with Josef, 1921; The Insect Play) satirizes human greed,
complacency, and selfishness, emphasizing the relativity of human values and
the need to come to terms with life. His faith in democracy made him support
his friend Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and write a biography of him. The quest
for justice inspired most of the stories in Povídky z jedné kapsy and
Povídky z druhé kapsy (both 1929; published together as Tales from Two
Pockets).
The problem of identity and the mystery of
people’s underlying motivations are the theme of Čapek’s most mature work, a
trilogy of novels that together present three aspects of knowledge. Hordubal
(1933) contrasts an inarticulate man’s awareness of the causes of his
actions with the world’s incomprehension; Povětroň (1934; Meteor)
illustrates the subjective causes of objective judgments; and Obyčejný život
(1934; An Ordinary Life) explores the complex layers of personality
underlying the “self” an “ordinary” man thinks himself to be.
The growing threat posed by Nazi Germany to
Czechoslovakia’s independent existence in the mid-1930s prompted Čapek to
write several works intended to warn and mobilize his countrymen. The
realistic novel Prvni parta (1937; The First Rescue Party) stressed the need
for solidarity. In his last plays the appeal became more direct. Bílá nemoc
(1937; Power and Glory) presented the tragedy of the noble pacifist; and
Matka (1938; The Mother) vindicated armed resistance to barbaric invasion.
