Italo Svevo

Italo Svevo, pseudonym of Ettore Schmitz (b. Dec. 19, 1861, Trieste, Austrian Empire [now in Italy]—d. Sept. 13, 1928, Motta di Livenza, Italy), Italian novelist and short-story writer, a pioneer of the psychological novel in Italy.

Svevo (whose pseudonym means “Italian Swabian”) was the son of a German-Jewish glassware merchant and an Italian mother. At 12 he was sent to a boarding school near Würzburg, Ger. He later returned to a commercial school in Trieste, but his father’s business difficulties forced him to leave school and become a bank clerk. He continued to read on his own and began to write.

Svevo’s first novel, Una vita (1892; A Life), was revolutionary in its analytic, introspective treatment of the agonies of an ineffectual hero (a pattern Svevo repeated in subsequent works). A powerful but rambling work, the book was ignored upon its publication. So was its successor, Senilità (1898; As a Man Grows Older), featuring another bewildered hero. Svevo had been teaching at a commercial school, and, with Senilità’s failure, he formally gave up writing and became engrossed in his father-in-law’s business.

Ironically, business frequently required Svevo to visit England in the years that followed, and a decisive step in his life was to engage a young man, James Joyce, in 1907 as his English tutor in Trieste. They became close friends, and Joyce let the middle-aged businessman read portions of his unpublished Dubliners, after which Svevo timidly produced his own two novels. Joyce’s tremendous admiration for them, along with other factors, encouraged Svevo to return to writing. He wrote what became his most famous novel, La coscienza di Zeno (1923; Confessions of Zeno), a brilliant work in the form of a patient’s statement for his psychiatrist. Published at Svevo’s own expense, as were his other works, this novel was also a failure, until a few years later, when Joyce gave Svevo’s work to two French critics, Valéry Larbaud and Benjamin Cremieux, who publicized him and made him famous. In Italy his reputation grew more slowly, though the poet Eugenio Montale wrote a laudatory essay on him in a 1925 issue of L’Esame.

While working on a sequel to Zeno, Svevo was killed in an automobile accident. Among posthumously published works are two short-story collections, La novella del buon vecchio e della bella fanciulla, e altre prose inedite e postume (1930; The Nice Old Man and the Pretty Girl), with a preface by Montale, and Corto viaggio sentimentale e altri racconti inediti (1949; Short Sentimental Journey and Other Stories); as well as Saggi e pagine sparse (1954; “Essays and Scattered Pages”); Commedie (1960), a collection of dramatic work; and Further Confessions of Zeno (1969), an English translation of his incomplete novel. Svevo’s correspondence with Montale was published as Lettere (1966). Svevo ultimately has been recognized as one of the most important figures in modern Italian literary history.