House of Plantagenet
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The House of Plantagenet (pronounced /plænˈtædʒɨnɨt/), or
First House of Anjou, was a royal house founded by Henry II of England,
son of Geoffrey V of Anjou. The Plantagenet kings first ruled the
Kingdom of England in the 12th century. Their male line originated in
Gâtinais, while their direct ancestors had ruled the County of Anjou
since the 9th century. The dynasty gained several other holdings
building the Angevin Empire, which at its peak stretched from the
Pyrenees to Ireland.
In total, fifteen Plantagenet monarchs, including those belonging to
cadet branches, ruled England from 1154 until 1485. The initial branch
ruled from Henry II of England until the deposition of Richard II of
England in 1399. After that, the House of Lancaster ruled until the Duke
of York deposed Henry VI in 1455. The two Plantagenet branches then
clashed in the civil war known as the Wars of the Roses over control of
the house. After the three ruling Lancastrian monarchs, the crown
returned to senior primogeniture with three ruling Yorkist monarchs; the
last being Richard III of England who was killed in battle during 1485.
The legitimate male line of the House of Plantagenet went extinct with
the execution of Richard's nephew, Edward, Earl of Warwick, in 1499,
although an illegitimate scion, Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle, was
active at the court of Henry VIII of England, and several illegitimate
lines persist, including the Dukes of Beaufort. The last legitimate
Plantagenet was Margaret Pole, executed by Henry VIII in 1541.
A distinctive English culture and art emerged during the Plantagenet
era, encouraged by some of the monarchs who were patrons of the "father
of English poetry"; Geoffrey Chaucer. The Gothic architecture style was
popular during the time, with buildings such as the Westminster Abbey
and York Minster remodelled in that style. There were also lasting
developments in the social sector, such as John I of England's signing
of the Magna Carta. This was influential in the development of common
law and constitutional law. Political institutions such as the
Parliament of England and the Model Parliament originate from the
Plantagenet period, as do educational institutions including the
University of Cambridge and Oxford.
The eventful political climate of the day saw the Hundred Years' War,
where the Plantagenets battled with the House of Valois for the control
of the Kingdom of France, related to both claiming House of Capet
seniority. Some of the Plantagenet kings were renowned as warriors;
Henry V of England left his mark with the victory against larger numbers
at the Battle of Agincourt, while earlier Richard the Lionheart had
distinguished himself in the Third Crusade and was later romanticised as
an iconic figure in English folklore.
Origins
Etymology
The name Plantagenet itself has its origins as the nickname of
Geoffrey V of Anjou. The name is derived from the plant common broom,
which is known in the Latin language as planta genista and in French as
"plante genêt". It is most commonly claimed that the nickname arose
because he wore a sprig of it in his helmet. Its significance has been
said to relate to its golden flower or contemporary belief in its
vegetative soul. The surname Plantagenet has, since the 15th century,
been only retroactively applied to the descendants of Geoffrey of Anjou,
and was not used as a contemporary term, as the house itself used no
surname until the legitimist claimant Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York,
father of both Edward IV and Richard III, assumed the name about 1448.
Background
The Plantagenets are also called Angevins, because their immediate
paternal progenitors were Counts of Anjou, an autonomous county in
northern France. They descend in the male line from from the Counts of
Gatinais, one of whom had married an heiress to the county, her Anjou
ancestors deriving from an obscure 9th century nobleman named Ingelger.
It is due to this lineage that the Plantagenets are sometimes referred
to as the First House of Anjou. One of the more notable Counts was Fulk,
a crusader who became King of Jerusalem. It was his son, Geoffrey,
nicknamed Plantagenet, who gave his name to the dynasty, and Fulk's
grandson, Henry, was the first of the family to rule England.
Henry's claim to the English throne came through his mother, the Empress
Matilda, who had claimed the crown as the daughter of Henry I of
England. Empress Matilda's brother William Adelin had died in the wreck
of the White Ship, leaving Matilda her father's only surviving
legitimate child.] However, on Henry's death in 1135, Matilda's cousin
Stephen of Blois was supported by much of the Anglo-Norman nobility, and
was able to have himself crowned instead. A tightly fought civil war
known as The Anarchy ensued, with Matilda gaining support from her
illegitimate half-brother, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. The balance
swayed both ways during the war, Matilda gained control at one point and
carried the title "Lady of the English" before Stephen forced her out to
Anjou. Unrest and instability continued throughout Stephen's reign,
while on the continent, Geoffrey managed to take control of the Duchy of
Normandy for the Angevins in 1141 but seemingly showed no interest in
campaigning across the Channel.
Rise of Henry II and his sons
Matilda's son the future Henry II of England had grown into a
skilled military tactician and arrived in England to follow up his
mother's claim. He had married Eleanor of Aquitaine and so the Duchy of
Aquitaine was also part of the Plantagenet's vast land holdings in the
emerging Angevin Empire. When Henry arrived in England, he and Stephen
came to an agreement in November 1153, with the signing of the Treaty of
Wallingford where Stephen recognised Henry as his heir to the
throne.[11] Most scholars regard Henry's reign as energetic and
effective in his governance. Henry overhauled the English judicial
system, restoring royal authority in place of the easily manipulated
feudal law of the barons which had undermined Stephen's ineffective
reign. The system and reforms put in place by Henry restored law and
order, creating a self-standing system which utilised competent
government clerks and sheriffs. It could in effect operate smoothly with
a common law prevailing, even when the king was absent — or through the
reign of less skilled monarchs.
After King of Leinster, Dermot MacMurrough was chased out of his
lands by the High King of Ireland, he asked Henry for help. Henry
obliged, restoring MacMurrough to Leinster and inserting his son John as
Lord of Ireland. Henry also recovered Northumberland and Cumbria from
the control of Scotland who had earlier seized the areas from England,
under Malcolm II and David I of Scotland respectively. Henry named his
son Henry the Young King as his coregent in England, the coronation was
carried out by the Archbishop of York. This angered Henry's formerly
close friend, Thomas Beckett the Archbishop of Canterbury; in
frustration Henry uttered a comment "Who would rid me of this turbulent
priest?!"--which would see Beckett killed by knights. Henry regretted
his former friend's death and did public penance; walking barefoot into
Canterbury Cathedral, he allowed monks to scourge him, his
excommunication was rescinded.
Henry envisaged in his will a situation somewhat similar to a federal
monarchy for the Plantagenet Empire after his death.He planned that his
four sons, would inherit various different parts: Henry the Younger
(England, Normandy and Anjou), Richard (Aquitaine), Geoffrey (Brittany)
and John (Ireland), so each would have home rule with its own monarch.
His family under the leadership of his son Henry the Younger who wanted
more power during Henry II's lifetime, rebelled against him in the
Revolt of 1173–1174. The rebels included power hungry English barons,
his second cousin the king of Scotland and the king of France. Despite
being attacked on various different fronts, Henry II and his loyalists
fought a defensive campaign and humiliated militarily all their enemies.
Henry's men led by Ranulf de Glanvill, even captured his second cousin
William I of Scotland at Alnwick, but allowed him to swear fealty to
Henry at York Castle. Henry the Younger rebelled against his father
again in 1183 but died of dysentery.
Richard the Lionheart as he would later be known, become monarch in
1189. Richard did not focus as much on local governance as his father,
rarely spending time in England. However he built up a reputation as a
great military leader and warrior for his efforts in the Third Crusade
scoring considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin.
For a time Richard was Lord of Cyprus but sold the island to Guy of
Lusignan. Since his death Richard has been romanticised in English
folklore, as his name remains synonymous with bravery and courage. His
brother John of England, nicknamed Lackland, came to power next in 1199.
John clashed with Philip II of France, who favoured John's nephew Arthur
to control the continental Plantagenet territories. After Arthur was
killed, the Norman and Angevin lords rebelled against Plantagenet rule;
John lost much of the continent to France, solidified by defeat at
Bouvines. It was around this time that the English language gained wider
respect. In England, John also had to deal with rebellion as he was
forced by barons to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, a document that
limited his power and that is popularly regarded as an early first step
in the evolution of modern democracy. As John signed the document under
duress, the First Barons' War broke out, with the barons inviting an
invasion by Louis VIII of France. John died in 1217 and his son Henry
III of England succeeded him, with the barons switching their allegiance
back to Plantagenet against Capet.
Three Edwards and claim to Capet
The English Justinian
Henry III became king at just nine years old, so nobles such as
William Marshal and Hubert de Burgh dominated in the early years. Henry
made unsuccessful attempts to regain Plantagenet land in northern
France. Henry handed out various honours to foreigners related to his
wife Eleanor of Provence, which annoyed the local nobility. The
Provisions of Oxford was imposed on the king, led by Simon de Montfort,
a council of fifteen nobles were set to help govern the country; Henry
asserted himself and so the Second Barons' War began. At Lewes de
Montfort captured Henry's son Prince Edward and became de facto ruler of
the nation, until royalists won the war at Evesham. It is from this
period that the Parliament of England originated, Henry was passionate
about aesthetics and had many of England's buildings such as Westminster
Abbey and York Minster re-built in the Gothic architecture style. The
reign of Edward I of England, nicknamed Longshanks due to his tall
height, saw much legislative activity and improvements in the
administration of the judicial institutions which would last almost
unchanged for centuries. Due to this he is sometimes called "The English
Justinian", a reference to the Byzantine Emperor.
Edward clashed with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, who ruled directly Gwynedd
while other parts of the Principality of Wales were Marcher Lordships
existing since Norman times.[29] Llywelyn refused to do homage or attend
Edward's coronation; thus in 1277 the two men went to war.[29] Edward
was quickly victorious and a peace treaty was issued. Llywelyn and his
brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd broke the treaty and went on the attack;
again Edward was victorious, but this time the Principality of Wales
became Plantagenet territory, with his son Edward crowned Prince of
Wales.[29] After Edward I's brother-in-law Alexander III of Scotland
died and Margaret, Maid of Norway became his sole heir, a marriage
alliance between Margaret and Edward, Prince of Wales was proposed which
would mean Scotland would be a Plantagenet holding within the next
generation.[30] Margaret died on her voyage, throwing the succession to
Scotland wide open between several candidates.[31] Edward was asked to
arbitrate and chose the hereditarily superior John Balliol.[32] However,
Balliol later betrayed Edward by setting up the Auld Alliance with
France and so the Wars of Scotland began.[33] Edward's campaign was
effective, he even captured the Coronation Stone relic and defeated
William Wallace at Falkirk.[34] However Edward died at Burgh by Sands on
the way to fight Robert I of Scotland, having never solidified a claim
to Scotland.[34]
His son and successor, Edward II of England, was the polar opposite
of his warrior statesman father.[35] Edward II's reign was largely
unpopular due to several reasons; he was regarded as a poor general and
lost out in Scotland to Robert I at Bannockburn.[36] He also angered the
nobility by giving large sums of money and gifts to his favourites such
as Piers Gaveston.[35] This annoyed the barons to the extent that they
rallied around Edward's cousin Thomas, Earl of Lancaster and had
Gaveston murdered.[36] Another royal favourite Hugh Despenser came on
the scene and again there were conflicts, but this time Edward beat his
cousin Thomas at Boroughbridge and had him executed in 1322.[36]
Edward's downfall came when his wife Isabella of France and her baronial
lover Roger Mortimer set out to depose the king, with the help of the
king's second cousin Henry, Earl of Lancaster.[36] The king agreed to
abdicate in favour of his and Isabella's son Edward III of England;
Edward II was held prisoner in Berkeley Castle for five months before
being murdered.[36] After four years of court control by his mother and
her lover, Edward at age 18 staged a revolt and had Mortimer executed.
Edward overturned the Treaty of Northampton and supported Edward
Balliol's claim to Scotland, against David II of the House of Bruce.[37]
The campaign was effective as David was captured at Neville's Cross,
spending a period in the Tower of London before being released for a
large ransom. David's invasion into Northern England had been under the
terms of the Auld Alliance with the House of Valois of France.[37]
Hundred Years' War begins
The succession to the rights of the House of Capet was disputed.[38]
Philip IV of France had three sons all of whom died without issue, aside
from Louis X whose son John I lived for only five days.[38] In following
with feudal law the daughter and sole remaining child of Philip IV,
Isabella of France, the mother of Edward III of England had a claim to
the French throne and the seniority of the House of Capet.[38] However
Philip VI of the House of Valois, a more distantly related Capetian
cadet branch invoked Salic law and was crowned King of France.[38] When
Philip confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine from Edward for
"disobedience", Edward decided to follow up his claim to all of the
Kingdom of France; thus the Hundred Years' War between the Plantagenets
and Valois began. Early on in the conflict, the Edwardian War was
particularly successful for the Plantagenets, specifically the battles
at Crécy and Poitiers leading to the Treaty of Brétigny.[39] Edward had
to deal with the Black Death during his reign,[40] but was able to make
vital developments in legislature and government. In England his reign
saw the developed of a strong sense of national identity due partly to
the ongoing wars; the chivalric Order of the Garter essentially saw the
nationalisation of the aristocracy.[40] His latter years were less
successful in comparison with both political problems at home and
renewed problems with Valois; the death of Valois' John II in English
captivity during 1364 saw the rise of Charles V of France who had far
more capable allies.[41] A second period of the Hundred Years' War broke
out known as the Caroline War, the Plantagenets were led by Edward's
sons Edward, the Black Prince and John of Gaunt.[40] The Black Prince
died in 1376 of illness, which may have been cancer, while Edward III
himself died the following year.[40]
Due to the death of his father Edward, the Black Prince who was the
long time heir apparent to England, the ten year old Richard II of
England succeeded to the throne instead.[42] The commons of parliament
feared that Richard's uncle John of Gaunt would ambitiously influence
political decisions if a regency led by him was instated; thus
parliament created an environment where a series of councils would
essentially control politics. The continuing Hundred Years' War with
Valois was an expensive venture, a poll tax was levied to finance
it.[43] Levied three times and covering 60% of the population, the 1381
tax costing one shilling for each person over 15 was particularly
unpopular and was one of the main reasons behind the Great Rising of
1381.[44] Only fourteen at the time, Richard rode out on horseback and
met with the rebel leaders, showing considerable statesmanship qualities
in his handling of the rebellion.[45] Due to the king's dependence on a
small number of courtiers, in 1389 governance was instead taken over by
a group known as the Lord Appellant.[46] Richard regained control in
1389 and after eight years of relative harmony, decided to take revenge
on the appellants, executing and exiling some.[46] After John of Gaunt
died, the king disinherited Gaunt's son, Henry of Bolingbroke, who had
previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small
force that quickly grew in numbers.[47] Meeting little resistance, he
deposed Richard and had himself crowned as Henry IV of England. Richard
died in captivity early the next year; he was probably murdered.[47]
Dynastic dispute
Lancastrians crowned, rebellion
Prior to Henry taking the throne and becoming the first Lancastrian
king, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March was actually the heir presumptive
to Richard II according to cognatic primogeniture, through his deceased
grandmother Philippa Plantagenet who was the only child of Lionel, Duke
of Clarence.[48] Henry could be deemed more senior only through agnatic
succession, meaning that he was a Plantagenet through the male line.
Edmund and his brother Roger were just children when Henry took to the
throne, as their father had died the previous year. They were kept in
custody by Henry, who, despite the threat for rebellion they could
eventually pose, treated them honourably.[48] Henry had to deal with
numerous rebellions in the Angevin Empire, both in Wales under Owain
Glyndŵr and in England, such as the Southampton Plot.[49] The latter was
an attempt to put Mortimer on the throne, though he himself never
rebelled against Henry. There was also the Percy Rebellion after the
king and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland fell out.[49] Henry's wife
Joanna of Navarre was accused of practicing necromancy and was later
convicted of witchcraft in 1419 during Henry V's reign; this added to
diminishing support for the Lancastrians.[49] The execution of Richard
Scrope, Archbishop of York after a rebellion achieved the same result;
when Henry was later struck down with leprosy and epilepsy, many at the
time saw it is a punishment from God for the execution of the
archbishop.[50] For the last two years of his reign, Henry was so ill
that his son and heir, Henry of Monmouth took up the vast majority of
the king's responsibilities.[49]
Henry V of England was a soldier from age 14 and a commander at the
Battle of Shrewsbury at age 16. He was to be of the warrior-statesman
archetype of his ancestors.[51] Henry desired the Plantagenet ancestral
lands of the Duchy of Normandy and County of Anjou earlier confiscated
by Valois.[51] He first attempted this diplomatically by suggesting a
marriage with Charles VI of France's daughter Catherine of Valois. After
the proposal was rejected, the Lancastrian War of the Hundred Years' War
began. Politically this had two purposes: the first, to gain land; the
second, to unite his cousins under a common cause in the hopes of
dissuading rebellion at home.[51] Henry presented himself as a chaste
and pious king, which was a relief to the masses after the reign of his
father. At the Battle of Agincourt, vastly outnumbered, Henry led his
men to a famous victory. The Plantagenets were allied with the Duchy of
Burgundy in the war, despite Philip the Good himself being of a Valois
cadet branch. During the war the Plantagenets took back Normandy, as
well as Picardy and much of the Île-de-France.[51] A settlement was
reached with the Treaty of Troyes in which it was agreed that, not only
would Catherine marry Henry, but Charles VI agreed to name Henry as his
heir to the French crown, passing over his own son.[51] Henry died of
dysentery in 1422 at Bois de Vincennes, just two months shy of being
crowned King of France.[52]
The young Henry VI of England was crowned King of England and France,
controlling both de facto rather than just a titular claim to France as
many Plantagenet monarchs had during the Hundred Years' War.[53] During
the early years of his reign, as he was still a child his family John,
Duke of Bedford, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Henry Beaufort, were
regents.[54] The rise of Joan of Arc and Valois claimant to France,
Charles VII saw the continuation of the Lancastrian War. Between
1449—1453 the territories of Brittany, Normandy and Gascony had been
lost, leaving the Plantagenets with only the Pale of Calais on the
continent.[53] In England the government became increasingly unpopular
due to the territorial loses, breakdown in law and order and corruption;
in 1453 Henry had a mental breakdown. While Henry was suffering from
illness, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York was named regent and
Protector of the Realm. He benefited from influential allies such as
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.[53] By the time Henry had regained his
senses, a movement in favour of Richard known as the Yorkists had
emerged. Richard had a legitimist claim to the throne due to being the
senior descendent of Lionel, Duke of Clarence.[55] What separated
Richard from past potential legitimists was that he was also a
Plantagenet paternally through Edmund, Duke of York; thus, if he was put
on the throne, the male line would still be preserved.[55] Henry himself
was trusting and not a man of war. He was more interested in his
foundation projects of educational institutions such as Eton
College.[56] However his wife Margaret of Anjou was more assertive,
showing open enmity towards Richard, and so the English civil war for
the throne known as the Wars of the Roses began.[56]
Wars of the Roses, Yorkist reign
The first phase of the conflict was between 1455—1460; after the
Yorkist were victorious at St Albans, attempts were made to reconcile
differences.[57] Margaret resisted any attempts to have her son Edward
of Westminster disinherited and Richard was forced to return to Ireland
as lieutenant.[58] Hostilities picked up again after the Duke of York's
return; the war continued and at Northampton, Henry was found abandoned
in a tent after having another mental breakdown.[59] The Act of Accord
was agreed in which it was outlined that Henry would remain as monarch
for life, but Richard and his descendants would eventually succeed him.
Because Margaret and Lancastrian supporters found this unacceptable,
conflict continued. Richard was slain at the Battle of Wakefield, his
son Edmund, Earl of Rutland and the Earl of Salisbury were captured and
beheaded by the Lancastrians. The head of the Duke of York was set on
display at Micklegate Bar, York.[60] Richard's young son Edward, Earl of
March took up the cause. Margaret formed an alliance with Mary of
Guelders, Queen of Scots against the Yorkists; the Scottish army
pillaged its way down to southern England.[61] London refused to open
its gates to the queen's army after hearing of the plundering, however
the capital city enthusiastically welcomed Edward when the Yorkists
arrived. The people demanded that he be made king, which was quickly
confirmed by the Parliament of England, and he was crowned Edward IV of
England unofficially at Westminster Abbey.[62] It wasn't until the month
after Towton that Edward's official coronation in the capital city took
place in June 1461.[63]
Edward was far more directly involved in governance than his
predecessor.[64] Warwick the Kingmaker who had helped Edward come to
power and wished to influence him, was deeply unhappy at the marriage
the new king had made with Elizabeth Woodville.[65] His family were also
angered by this, leading to his mother declaring him a bastard and his
brother George, Duke of Clarence revolting against him.[65] After a
counter-rebellion, Edward defeated Warwick, eventually seeing the
Kingmaker enter a pact with the Lancastrians.[66] In late 1470, Warwick
helped the Lancastrians to depose the Yorkists and Henry VI briefly
returned to the throne. Edward and his loyal brother, Richard, Duke of
Gloucester took refuge in Burgundy, until they returned to England the
following year. George, Duke of Clarence switched sides at Barnet,
leading to Warwick's death and Edward's restoration.[66] After his
restoration Edward returned some stability, with heavy personal control
in government.[64] He made peace with France on favourable terms,
tightened management of royal revenues, paid for the country's
administration with Crown Estate profits and patronised William Caxton
who set up England's first printing press.[64] Edward's son was crowned
Edward V of England at age 12. The protectorship of the young king and
his brother Richard of Shrewsbury was entrusted to their uncle Richard,
Duke of Gloucester.[67] Richard was suspicious of the influential
Woodville faction, who he blamed for the death of his brother
George.[67]
A statute of the Parliament of England issued in 1483, known as Titulus
Regius, declared the children of Edward IV illegitimate and thus saw the
crown passed to Richard III of England.[68] This was due to evidence
presented by Ralph Shaa that Edward had contracted to marry Lady Eleanor
Talbot before he married Elizabeth Woodville, thus making his marriage
to Elizabeth and their issue invalid.[68] The two boys became the
Princes in the Tower, with the Tower being a royal residence at the
time. Their ultimate fate is unknown, while some have suggested that
they died there.[67] Richard had a strong power base in the North of
England and he founded the Council of the North to improve governance
there.[69] He also founded the College of Arms office of heraldry.[70]
The king's son and heir, Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales
predeceased him in 1484.[71] Henry Tudor, a Welshman who was a maternal
descendant of John of Gaunt and the cognatic primogenture pretender of
the House of Lancaster, landed at Milford Haven in the Principality of
Wales to invade with an army of foreign mercenaries.[71] The Battle of
Bosworth Field took place for the throne of England; Richard was
betrayed when the Earl of Northumberland and Lord Stanleys refused to
send in their troops.[71] Along with his loyal commander John Howard,
Duke of Norfolk, Richard fought until the end and was killed in
action.[71] The crown passed to the new dynasty, the House of Tudor,
with the coronation of Henry VII of England signaling the start of the
Tudor period.[71]
List of England monarchs
Angevins
Henry II of England (Curtmantle)
19 December 1154
6 July 1189
son of Empress Matilda, heir to the English throne but usurped by her
cousin, Stephen I of England.
Henry the Young King
14 June 1170
11 June 1183
coregent at age 15 onwards with his father, Henry II of England.
Richard I of England
(Richard the Lionheart)
3 September 1189
6 April 1199
son of Henry II of England.
John of England
(John Lackland)
27 May 1199
19 October 1216
son of Henry II of England. Brother of issueless Richard I of England.
Henry III of England
28 October 1216
16 November 1272
son of John of England.
Edward I of England
(Edward Longshanks)
20 November 1272
7 July 1307
son of Henry III of England.
Edward II of England
7 July 1307
25 January 1327
son of Edward I of England.
Edward III of England
25 January 1327
21 June 1377
son of Edward II of England.
Richard II of England
21 June 1377
29 September 1399
son of Edward, the Black Prince. Grandson of Edward III of England.
House of Lancaster
Henry IV of England
(Henry Bolingbroke)
30 September 1399
20 March 1413
cousin of Richard II of England, who he had murdered. Son of John of
Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster.
Henry V of England
20 March 1413
31 August 1422
son of Henry IV of England.
Henry VI of England and France
31 August 1422
11 April 1471
son of Henry V of England.
House of York
Edward IV of England
4 March 1461
9 April 1483
cousin of Henry VI of England. Son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York.
Edward V of England
9 April 1483
25 June 1483
son of Edward IV of England.
Richard III of England
26 June 1483
22 August 1485
uncle of Edward V of England. Son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York.
