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Dictionary of Art
and Artists
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CHAPTER SIX
THE BAROQUE IN ITALY AND SPAIN
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PAINTING
ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE
- Part 1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26
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ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE
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Juan Bautista de Toledo.
Juan Bautista de Toledo. Spanish architect educated in
Italy, in the Italian High Renaissance. As many Italian renaissance
architects, he had experience in both architecture and military and
civil public works. Born, either in Toledo or in Madrid around 1515.
Died May 19, 1567 in Madrid. He was buried in Madrid, in the choir of
the primitive “Convento de Santo Tomás, Iglesia de la Santa Cruz”.
Perhaps he started his career in
architecture in Rome, between 1534 and 1541, working for Michelangelo
and Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese), completing the facade and
courtyard of Palazzo Farnese. Then, possibly, he continues his training
in the construction site of St. Peter's, under the direction of Antonio
da Sangallo the Younger. Another hypothesis is that he worked for
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger in both Fortaleza da Basso, Florence and
St. Peter’s Basilica of Rome.
Juan Bautista de Toledo, an enigmatic
and puzzling personality, was known in Florence and Rome as Giovanni
Battista de Alfonsis. However, in Naples and Madrid, he was identified
as Juan Bautista de Toledo: both Spanish architects had the same hand
writing. Perhaps, his true name was Juan Bautista de Toledo Alfonsis.
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Juan de Herrera.
Juan de Herrera (1530 – January 15, 1597) was a Spanish architect,
mathematician and geometrician.
One of the most outstanding Spanish
architects in the 16th century, Herrera represents the peak of the
Renaissance in Spain. His sober style was fully developed in buildings
like the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. The Herrerian style
was named after him, and was representative of the architecture of the
Spanish Empire of Philip II and his Austrian successors.
As a Renaissance man, Herrera was
interested in all the branches of knowledge of his times. His Discurso
sobre la figura cúbica (Discussion of the Cubic form) tells us about his
notable knowledge about geometry and mathematics. He also participated
in the military campaigns of Charles V in Germany, Flanders and Italy
Juan de Herrera completed his studies at the University of Valladolid in
the spring of 1548. He started his architectural career in 1561 with the
works in the Royal Palace of Aranjuez.
In 1563 he starts his collaborations
with Juan Bautista de Toledo in the construction of El Escorial. In 1562
he had written the Book of the Astronomical knowledge (Libro del saber
de astronomía). After the death of Juan Bautista de Toledo in 1567,
Herrera becomes the director architect of the works. Herrera modifies
the plans and enlarges the program, changing the image of the façades
and introducing his personal sober style. The main keys of his design
are the impressive horizontal unified composition and the nude use of
the granite, omitting the classical orders for large surfaces.
He builds the monumental western
façade, the Basilica with its central composition plan and the pavilion
of the Patio de los Evangelistas (Court of the Evangelists). He also
modifies the constructive techniques and the roofing. This style
introduced in the monastery influenced Spanish architecture for over a
century with the name of Herrerian style.
The plans of the Cathedral of
Valladolid and the Archivo General de Indias were also designed by him.
He was the first original designer for the Plaza Mayor in Madrid.
Following the wish reflected in his
testament, written in 1584, his sepulchre is located in the Church of
San Juan Bautista, in Maliaño, Cantabria.
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Juan Gomez de Mora.
Juan Gómez de Mora (Madrid, 1586 –
Madrid, 1648) was a Spanish architect. His father, also Juan Gómez, was
court painter to Philip II of Spain and brother to the architect
Francisco de Mora.
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El Escorial
by
Juan Bautista de Toledo
and
Juan de Herrera
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The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (in
Spanish, Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial) is an
immense palace, monastery, museum, and library complex located at
San Lorenzo de El Escorial (also San Lorenzo del Escorial), a
town 45 kilometres (28 miles) northwest of Madrid in the autonomous
community of Madrid in Spain.
At the foot of the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range, the
complex was commanded by King Philip II of Spain as a necropolis for
the Spanish monarchs and the seat of studies in aid of the
Counter-Reformation. It was designed by the architects
Juan Bautista de Toledo
and
Juan de Herrera in an austere
classical style, and built from 1563 to 1584. It is shaped as a grid
in memory of the martyrdom of Saint Lawrence. It is said that during
the battle of Saint Quentin (1557), the Spanish troops destroyed a
small hermitage devoted to Lawrence. The King Philip II of Spain
decided to dedicate the monastery to the saint in thanks for his
victory.
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San Lorenzo de El Escorial
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Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain.
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El Escorial, by
Juan Bautista de Toledo
and
Juan de Herrera.
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Royal Basilica of the Monastery of El Escorial
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The Escorial
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Trading houses in the market of the Monastery of El Escorial built by
Juan de Herrera.
Houses in front of the Monastery of El Escorial.
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Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Fachada de acceso principal.
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The Escorial, by
Juan Bautista de Toledo,
Juan de Herrera,
at near Madrid, Spain, 1562 to 1584.
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Courtyard of the Kings and the Basilica of the Monastery of El Escorial,
San Lorenzo of El Escorial, Spain
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Logia de
Juan Bautista de Toledo.
Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial
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The cathedral of Valladolid, officially known as the Catedral de Nuestra
Señora de la Asunción de Valladolid,
is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Valladolid,
Spain. It was designed by
Juan de Herrera.
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Juan Bautista de Toledo
and
Juan de Herrera.
Palacio de Aranjuez.
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The Alcázar
Juan de Herrera,
among others south facade
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The Alcazar
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